A day of great illumination: B. F. Skinner's discovery of shaping.
نویسنده
چکیده
Despite the seminal studies of response differentiation by the method of successive approximation detailed in chapter 8 of The Behavior of Organisms (1938), B. F. Skinner never actually shaped an operant response by hand until a memorable incident of startling serendipity on the top floor of a flour mill in Minneapolis in 1943. That occasion appears to have been a genuine eureka experience for Skinner, causing him to appreciate as never before the significance of reinforcement mediated by biological connections with the animate social environment, as opposed to purely mechanical connections with the inanimate physical environment. This insight stimulated him to coin a new term (shaping), and also led directly to a shift in his perspective on verbal behavior from an emphasis on antecedents and molecular topographical details to an emphasis on consequences and more molar, functional properties in which the social dyad inherent to the shaping process became the definitive property of verbal behavior. Moreover, the insight seems to have emboldened Skinner to explore the greater implications of his behaviorism for human behavior writ large, an enterprise that characterized the bulk of his post-World War II scholarship.
منابع مشابه
Designing an Ontology for Knowledge Discovery in Iran’s Vaccine
Ontology is a requirement engineering product and the key to knowledge discovery. It includes the terminology to describe a set of facts, assumptions, and relations with which the detailed meanings of vocabularies among communities can be determined. This is a qualitative content analysis research. This study has made use of ontology for the first time to discover the knowledge of vaccine in Ir...
متن کاملA Quantitative Analysis and Natural History of B. F. Skinner's Coauthoring Practices.
This paper describes and analyzes B. F. Skinner's coauthoring practices. After identifying his 35 coauthored publications and 27 coauthors, we analyze his coauthored works by their form (e.g., journal articles) and kind (e.g., empirical); identify the journals in which he published and their type (e.g., data-type); describe his overall and local rates of publishing with his coauthors (e.g., not...
متن کاملB. F. Skinner's legacy to human infant behavior and development.
B. F. Skinner's legacy to human behavioral research for the study of environment-infant interactions, and indeed for the conception of development itself, is described and exemplified. The legacy is largely the practicality, the efficiency, and the comparative advantage--relative to diverse other behavioral and nonbehavioral approaches--of using the operant-learning paradigm to organize and exp...
متن کاملWhat Is a Great Experiment? A Review of Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century
In the introduction to Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century, the author declares that the experiments described in her book “deserve to be not only reported on as research, but also celebrated as story” (p. 3). It is unfortunate that in telling these stories, too much of the science that is also part of the story is sacrificed. The book focuses on pers...
متن کاملO-21: Factors Affecting The Number of Grade A Embryos in Assisted Reproductive Technology
Background: Infertility is one of the most devastating diagnoses for any woman or man to face, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a great gift of life given to these people. There are many factors influencing success rate of ART but quality of embryos is believed to improve this rate and therefore is a major challenge. This paper will focus on examining factors affecting the number o...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
دوره 82 3 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2004